Saturday, May 9, 2020
Social Media Technology - 3441 Words
Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Risks of Social Media Technology in Business Enterprise 3 3.0 Productivity of Work by Using Social Media Technology 4 4.0 Social Media Technology as the Promotion and Marketing Strategy 5 5.0 Recommendations 6 6.0 Conclusion 8 References 9 Social Media Technology in Business Enterprise 1.0 Introduction Bhanot (2012) defined social media technology as the ââ¬Å"media for social interaction that can be used in web based and mobile technologiesâ⬠. In addition, web based and mobile technologies can make the communication into interactive conversation. The most popular social media among the users are Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube and so on. Besides, theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The behaviour of the workers and the managers to maximized profit can be changed with the use of social media technologies (Turban amp; Volonino, 2012). Social media technology can help organizations to maintain and improve competitiveness in the industry (Levin, Hansen, amp; Laverie, 2012). In addition, social media are use by wide area of business includes human resources, supply chain management, marketing and sales and others area that used social media technology (Turban amp; Volonino, 2012). The organizations also can use the social media technology to their marketing research plans. Now adays, many organizations have realized the usefulness of the social media technology in running their business and they try to adapt this new technology slowly. According to Andzulis et al. (2012), the Ford Motor had hired 40 employees that are social media practitioners to promote their new car model which is Ford Focus. The employees had been given opportunity to drive test the car and the video have been uploaded in Facebook and other social media website. 2.0 Risks of Social Media Technology in Business Enterprise The organizations or firms must understand the risk in using social media technology in their business. The risk using social media as a platform in business is greater than a business that uses traditional ways (Boz amp; Unal, 2011). There are manyShow MoreRelatedDigital Technology And Social Media Essay1707 Words à |à 7 PagesMore recently than in years past, digital technology and social media have grown to become a part of our everyday lives. The recent rise in those who own smartphones allows this everyday use of digital technology and social networking to be easier than ever before. At any time and any place, we have the ability to ââ¬Å"socializeâ⬠with nearly anyoneââ¬âeven celebrities who have no idea most of us even exist. The continuous consumption of digital media has altered once personal face-to-face communicationRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Technology Essay1587 Words à |à 7 PagesNegative impacts Social media relies heavily on advanced communication and information technology that work seamlessly in the process of building and supporting technological literacy. A study conducted by Ahn (2011) stated that a person cannot be engaged in meaningful discussions and keep the use of technology without effectively developing advanced skills such as troubleshooting, information evaluation, mediated communication, and others that will all be connecting learners to valuable economicRead MoreSocial Media Network Technology 1310 Words à |à 6 PagesSocial Media Network Technology Paper The web is no longer a read only product, it now has the ability to be interactive and particpatory. Users are able to interact over the internet with each other with instant messaging and emails and use social networks to share news, videos, and photos with others, bringing people with common interest, opinions, and experiences together and closer. Some of the most popular social networks include Facebook, MySpace, and LinkedIn. Currently social networksRead MoreImpact Of Social Media On Technology1293 Words à |à 6 PagesAugust 2015 Impact of social media and technology In todayââ¬â¢s technological era, internet has engulfed each and every area of the world. Due to rapid changes in technology, people are becoming addicted toward social network and have tremendous affects and influence over the lives of many people. The debate about social networking has emerged all over the world. There are some who are against it but there are also a lot of people who are in favor of it. Since the advent of social networking sites suchRead MoreA Brief Note On Technology And Social Media952 Words à |à 4 PagesTechnology and Social Media: Crucial to Society Social media is one of the most popular means of communication today. The general public uses social media to talk to loved ones, find long lost friends, and participate in online discussions. As technological capabilities have advanced over the years, so has the publicââ¬â¢s reliance on social media. Debates have surfaced about whether the public is misusing social media. Many people are questioning whether social media is replacing human interactionRead MoreInformation Technology With Social Media Prospective Essay1891 Words à |à 8 Pages Innovation in information technology with social media prospective When there is proven method of conducting business then there are horizons of innovation are alive all the time. The innovation and creative ideas provide a key role in driving both future as well as real-time success into the core strategies of International Food Group. Marketing is a particularly targeted out of these strategies in real terms. The use of technology at IFG aims to reach its customers in three new ways: ï ¶ The companyRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On The Development Of Mobile Technology1385 Words à |à 6 PagesSocial Media Media Broadcast Marketing The increase of social media and the development of mobile technology in the last decade has been significant, which has transformed the communication strategies and especially with sharing the experiences and how information should be marketed to the target audience. According to Hollensen (2014), the selection of newspapers, web sites, and TV to be used for advertising (series of actions to reach goals) needs to be done (at the same time) with the developmentRead MoreSocial Media And Technology s Impacts On Youth2483 Words à |à 10 PagesSocial Media and Technologyââ¬â¢s Impacts on Youth There is no doubt that everyone has a cellphone these days. With these cellphones comes the access to the social media. You can go to a restaurant or store and you will see everyone from a toddler to an elder glued to some kind of technology in front of them. Because this has become so normal to our generation, most are too occupied to the technology to realize how they are being affected by it. Everyone is using it daily, all day, causing it to impactRead MoreThe Impact Of New Social Media Technology On Young People1491 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Impact of new social media technologies on young people OBSTRACT How the new social media technologiesââ¬â¢ impacting on young people in todayââ¬â¢s society? The study will examine the positive and negative impact of new media technologies on young people. It will explores on how new media technologies such as computer games, video games, face book, television, twitter, mobile phones, you tube, internet, television, whatsApp, Viber, Snap chat, and other modern technology are playing major role onRead MoreSocial Media And Technology : A Exciting Journey Through The World Wide Web955 Words à |à 4 Pages Social media and technology are an incredible enhancement of the modern world. If properly balanced and educated, embracing these technologies is a rewarding and exciting journey through the World Wide Web. This electronic social and technological society we have created is the inevitable part of every childââ¬â¢s life; it s hard to protect them from the adverse impacts of this society. Smart technology improves on a daily basis, the costs associated with smartphones reduced to nearly nothing, resulting
Friday, May 8, 2020
Essay Help Free
Essay Help FreeCollege essay help free is something that's used by many students today. This is because they want to go to college, or perhaps have a more difficult assignment ahead of them. It's always a good idea to know what resources are available to help you write the best essay possible.A lot of college essay help, free information is available online as well. There are many places on the internet where you can find courses, books, and other supplies that you may need to get started with. A lot of these resources will come at no cost to you, and that's why it's a great idea to search around for them.One of the best places to start when searching for free college essay help is to look for forums and message boards. These are places where people that share similar interests can talk about topics of interest. They are a great place to see what other people are using when writing essays.Another place to look for essay help is in your local library. Most schools and colleges have so me sort of student assistance department that will be more than happy to show you how to do this process. You can usually find help in the reading section or if you're lucky, some may even offer tutorials.One of the best places to go when looking for college essay help is in the local paper. You should look for a teacher who is well-versed in the area you plan to go to school in. You might also want to ask a friend or relative who went to school in the area what they did to help with their college assignments.When it comes to college essay help free, you should also consider contacting the colleges you're looking at. If they offer a help desk you can contact, you can find out what they have available and the kind of help you will receive. It might even be helpful to know the subject of your essay.A lot of online resources have come out in the past few years that can offer great essay help free. A lot of people don't realize that there are websites that specialize in helping people w ith writing college essays. These sites offer a wide variety of different writers in many different areas of expertise.If you're trying to find essay help free you should try to find as many different resources as possible. Most of these resources are free because they are owned by someone else and are only for their own use. That's why it's very important to try to find different ways to get college essay help free as much as possible.
Time Essay Topics For Wrinkles
Time Essay Topics For WrinklesThe following are several essay topics that can help you find ways to get rid of your wrinkle and stay young. There are many wrinkles in life. But as they say, there is a line between a beautiful face and a wrinkled face.However, there are times when wrinkles are unavoidable. Wrinkles are a natural part of the aging process. They are not always bad. It all depends on how you handle them. If you try to eliminate your wrinkles, you will be forced to do some things that you might not be able to handle.This is where writing essay topics that talk about your skin care is very helpful. You can give brief tips on how to care for your skin. If you don't know the best way to go about it, you can ask your doctor or skin specialist. However, if you already know how to properly take care of your skin, there are still other essay topics that you can use. One is to write about certain skin care products.By writing on how you use certain products, you will be able to g et the ideas on how you can better use products that are more effective and how to save money by doing so. Skin creams, anti-wrinkle creams, and skin care lotions are popular skin care products nowadays. When you talk about these products, it helps you to develop an idea of what you need to do as well as how you can take care of your skin better.There are also some other time essay topics that can help you. One of them is to write about what kind of foods you eat. We eat a lot of meat. But just like anything else, we need to keep away from bad foods and eat more healthy ones.Another time essay topics that can help you stay young are exercise and activities. Exercise is important to your body. Activities are essential. You have to engage yourself in any type of physical activity you can do.If you want to stay young, use these time essay topics. What you eat, when you sleep, and what you exercise is important to your health. If you look at your skin, it will tell you everything you ne ed to know.
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Dijkstra Paper Free Essays
(A Look Back at) Go To Statement Considered Harmful Edsger Dijkstra wrote a Letter to the Editor of Communications in 1968, criticizing the excessive use of the go to statement in programming languages. Instead, he encouraged his fellow computer scientists to consider structured programming. The letter, originally entitled ââ¬Å"A Case Against the Goto Statement,â⬠was published in the March 1968 issue under the headline ââ¬Å"Go To Statement Considered Harmful. We will write a custom essay sample on Dijkstra Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now â⬠It would become the most legendary CACM ââ¬Å"Letterâ⬠of all time; ââ¬Å"Considered Harmfulâ⬠would develop into an iconic catch-all. Dijkstraââ¬â¢s comments sparked an editorial debate that spanned these pages for over 20 years. In honor of the occasion, we republish here the original letter that started it all. Editor: For a number of years I have been familiar with the observation that the quality of programmers is a decreasing function of the density of go to statements in the programs they produce. More recently I discovered why the use of the go to statement has such disastrous effects, and I became convinced that the go to statement should be abolished from all ââ¬Å"higher levelâ⬠programming languages (i. e. verything except, perhaps, plain machine code). At that time I did not attach too much importance to this discovery; I now submit my considerations for publication because in very recent discussions in which the subject turned up, I have been urged to do so. My first remark is that, although the programmerââ¬â¢s activity ends when he has constructed a correct program, the process taking pla ce under control of his program is the true subject matter of his activity, for it is this process that has to accomplish the desired effect; it is this process that in its dynamic behavior has to satisfy the desired specifications. Yet, once the program has been made, the ââ¬Å"makingâ⬠of the corresponding process is delegated to the machine. My second remark is that our intellectual powers are rather geared to master static relations and that our powers to visualize processes evolving in time are relatively poorly developed. For that reason we should do (as wise programmers aware of our limitations) our utmost to shorten the conceptual gap between the static program and the dynamic process, to make the correspondence between the program (spread out in text space) and the process (spread out in time) as trivial as possible. Let us now consider how we can characterize the progress of a process. (You may think about this question in a very concrete manner: suppose that a process, considered as a time succession of actions, is stopped after an arbitrary action, what data do we have to fix in order that we can redo the process until the very same point? ) If the program text is a pure concatenation of, say, assignment statements (for the purpose of this discussion regarded as the descriptions of single actions) it is sufficient to point in the program text to a point between two successive action descriptions. In the absence of go to statements I can permit myself the syntactic ambiguity in the last three words of the previous sentence: if we parse them as ââ¬Å"successive (action descriptions) ââ¬Å"we mean successive in text space; if we parse as ââ¬Å"(successive action) descriptionsâ⬠we mean successive in time. ) Let us 7 PAUL WATSON COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM January 2008/Vol. 51, No. 1 Forum c all such a pointer to a suitable place in the text a ââ¬Å"textual index. â⬠When we include conditional clauses (if B then A), alternative clauses (if B then A1 else A2), choice clauses as introduced by C. A. R. Hoare (case[i] of (A1, A2, â⬠¦ , An)), or conditional expressions as introduced by J. McCarthy (B1__ E1, B2 __ E2, â⬠¦ , Bn __ En), the fact remains that the progress of the process remains characterized by a single textual index. As soon as we include in our language procedures we must admit that a single textual index is no longer sufficient. In the case that a textual index points to the interior of a procedure body the dynamic progress is only characterized when we also give to which call of the procedure we refer. With the inclusion of procedures we can characterize the progress of the process via a sequence of textual indices, the length of this sequence being equal to the dynamic depth of procedure calling. Let us now consider repetition clauses (like, while B repeat A or repeat A until B). Logically speaking, such clauses are now superfluous, because we can express repetition with the aid of recursive procedures. For reasons of realism I donââ¬â¢t wish to exclude them: on the one hand, repetition clauses can be implemented quite comfortably with present day finite equipment; on the other hand, the reasoning pattern known as ââ¬Å"inductionâ⬠makes us well quipped to retain our intellectual grasp on the processes generated by repetition clauses. With the inclusion of the repetition clauses 8 textual indices are no longer sufficient to describe the dynamic progress of the process. With each entry into a repetition clause, however, we can associate a socalled ââ¬Å"dynamic index,â⠬ inexorably counting the ordinal number of the corresponding current repetition. As repetition clauses (just as procedure calls) may be applied nestedly, we find that now the progress of the process can always be uniquely characterized by a (mixed) sequence of textual and/or dynamic indices. The main point is that the values of these indices are outside programmerââ¬â¢s control; they are generated (either by the write-up of his program or by the dynamic evolution of the process) whether he wishes or not. They provide independent coordinates in which to describe the progress of the process. Why do we need such independent coordinates? The reason isââ¬âand this seems to be inherent to sequential processesââ¬âthat we can interpret the value of a variable only with respect to the progress of the process. If we wish to count the number, n say, of people in an initially empty room, we can achieve this by increasing n by one whenever we see someone entering the room. In the inbetween moment that we have observed someone entering the room but have not yet performed the subsequent increase of n, its value equals the number of people in the room minus one! The unbridled use of the go to statement has an immediate consequence that it becomes terribly hard to find a meaningful set of coordinates in which to describe he process progress. Usually, people take into account as well the values of some well chosen variables, but this is out of the question because it is relative to the progress that the meaning of these values is to be understood! With the go to statement one can, of course, still describe the progress uniquely by a counter counting the number of actions performed since program start (viz. a kind of normalized clock). The difficulty is that such a coordinate, although unique, is u tterly unhelpful. In such a coordinate system it becomes an extremely complicated affair to define all those points of progress where, say, n equals the number of persons in the room minus one! The go to statement as it stands is just too primitive; it is too much an invitation to make a mess of oneââ¬â¢s program. One can regard and appreciate the clauses considered as bridling its use. I do not claim that the clauses mentioned are exhaustive in the sense that they will satisfy all needs, but whatever clauses are suggested (e. g. bortion clauses) they should satisfy the requirement that a programmer independent coordinate system can be maintained to describe the process in a helpful and manageable way. It is hard to end this with a fair acknowledgment. Am I to judge by whom my thinking has been influenced? It is fairly obvious that I am not uninfluenced by Peter Landin and Christopher Strachey. Finally I should like to record (as I remember it quite distinctly) how Heinz Zemanek at the pre-ALGOL me eting in early 1959 in Copenhagen quite explic- January 2008/Vol. 1, No. 1 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM itly expressed his doubts whether the go to statement should be treated on equal syntactic footing with the assignment statement. To a modest extent I blame myself for not having then drawn the consequences of his remark. The remark about the undesirability of the go to statement is far from new. I remember having read the explicit recommendation to restrict the use of the go to statement to alarm exits, but I have not been able to trace it; presumably, it has been made by C. A. R. Hoare. In [1, Sec. 3. . 1. ] Wirth and Hoare together make a remark in the same direction in motivating the case construction: ââ¬Å"Like the conditional, it mirrors the dynamic structure of a program more clearly than go to statements and switches, and it eliminates the need for introducing a large number of labels in the program. â⬠In [2] Guiseppe Jacopini seems to have proved the (logical) superf luousness of the go to statement. The exercise to translate an arbitrary flow diagram more or less mechanically into a jumpless one, however, is not to be recommended. Then the resulting flow diagram cannot be expected to be more transparent than the original one. REFERENCES 1. Wirth, Niklaus, and Hoare, C. A. R. A contribution to the development of ALGOL. Comm. ACM 9 (June 1966), 413ââ¬â432. 2. Bohn, Corrado, and Jacopini, Guiseppe. Flow Diagrams, Turing machines and languages with only two formation rules. Comm. ACM 9 (May 1966) 366ââ¬â371. Coming Next Month in COMMUNICATIONS Alternate Reality Gaming IT Diffusion in Developing Countries Are People Biased in their Use of Search Engines? The Factors that Affect Knowledge-Sharing Behavior Alternative Scenarios to the ââ¬Å"Bannerâ⬠Years Municipal Broadband Wireless Networks The Myths and Truths about Wireless Security Managing Large Collections of Data Mining Models Women and Men in IT: Alike or Different? EDSGER W. DIJKSTRA Technological University Eindhoven, The Netherlands Communications of the ACM March 1968, Vol. 11, No. 3, pg 147 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM January 2008/Vol. 51, No. 1 9 How to cite Dijkstra Paper, Essay examples
Tuesday, April 28, 2020
Televised Debates Between The Nominees Of The Two Major Parties Have B
Televised debates between the nominees of the two major parties have become standard fare in contemporary presidential election campaigns. The authors of this important volume maintain that television has altered the very nature of presidential debates profoundly, that the demands of television have dictated the structure and formats of contemporary debates, and that the visual content of presidential debates plays an important role in the way that candidates exercise influence in televised debates. This important work employs a television perspective in examining the sponsorship, formats, nature, and impacts of presidential debates, stressing the 1960, 1976, 1980, 1984, and 1988 debates. The authors assert that in order to understand contemporary political debates, one must understand how television communicates and exercises influence in this context. Hellweg, Pfau, and Brydon integrate contemporary theory and research about the television medium and influence with extensive research on presidential debates. Specific topics include how presidential debates have evolved as a function of the participation of the broadcast industry, how debates are structured to fit the demands of the television medium, how candidates' verbal messages must be tailored to the medium, how candidates' visual messages are defined through the medium, and the persuasive effects of mediated debates. Televised Presidential Debates will be particularly useful to scholars and students of political communication, campaigns and elections, and mass media
Friday, March 20, 2020
Modern Political Thought
Modern Political Thought The ââ¬Å"after seventeenth century modernity spectaculumâ⬠The global development in the sense of modernization as per seventeenth century has given the world no more than decaying senses which has been accompanied by perverted human roles, with concentration of hatred and aversion between human kind and between them and the environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Political Thought specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The known good deeds were integrated into intensive definitions incorporated in evil, human contempt, vile as well as inconsiderable. Despite this, the irony is that what used to be good became shunned while the scramble of the vices introduce, became significantly rampant. Long-living practices began to be viewed as being mundane and the short-lived practices accompanied by threats and fears completely replaced the good-old world. As the sense of independent and development sunk in peopl es mind, the aspect of communism disintegrated and in its place individualism and the sense of ââ¬Å"Iâ⬠was adopted that is embraced world-wide. As a result, manââ¬â¢s life was affected, as the bond between people gradually melted and in its place a trench evolved. This has put manââ¬â¢s life in a solitary situation, bringing with it massive poverty, nasty living style, brutish undertakings whose combination has shortened the life of human being. This has made the man race to indulge into daily conflicting activities, pertaining competition, diffidence and glory as state of nature. This has created one of manââ¬â¢s rule which entails that Thomas Hobbes (215) states that ââ¬Å"every man has to endeavor peace, as far as he has hopes for obtaining it. If he cannot obtain it, he can use all helps and advantage of war.â⬠In addition, human beings have been assumed as having right of everything even to one anotherââ¬â¢s body. What does this bring to the race of hu man being? It only gives a room to the stronger in having their ways right which means that the life of the majority-minorities depend on the mercy of the few powerful. In other words, it became the survival for the fittest. This has contributed to excessive injustice between individuals as well as in the governmental law bodies (Hobbes, 113) Moreover, the introduced civil society had brought separation of power that initially was not there. This has been met by rejection from individual and parties affected by this power division. Consequently, civil war has been a major occurrence in many nations as they tend to fight against the abuse of power by the acting government or other nations that creates an effect or pressure to them. This has expanded gaps existing between parties and every party is seeking its own way of dealing with any threat that can be imposed to it by the other parties. However, instead of this being a channel of peace and comfort within the societies involved, f ear concerning the massive destructing weapons manufactured by the name of defense, such as atomic weapons, has taken over the climate and the element of peace has scrambled off (Hobbes p.131).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, peopleââ¬â¢s perspectives have been readjusted and believe that people canââ¬â¢t function without a powerful body over them, which creates fear and suppression had settled in people minds, and as a result oppression and dictatorship has based peopleââ¬â¢s ways of living (Machiavelli, 57). Religious perspective has also been altered. For instance, the scripture has been reinterpreted in a materialistic assumption. For example, Hobbes has tried to bring out the contradiction concerning incorporeal entities, claiming that both Heaven and Hell were in this world, as well as opposing some of sync which are incorporated in churc h teachings. Thus, morality has acquired a definition as an ââ¬Å"acceptable cruel actionâ⬠, which involves decisiveness and swiftness in dealing with material matters. For instance, according to Niccolo Machiavelli, it is ironically that good result comes out of evil actions. In addition, the philosophy in the middle age was primarily based on Christian philosophy. However, different lines of philosophical argument came up, with one bringing a sense of nationalism threatening the position of church-men, by introducing a powerful secular based perspective. The other one widely secularized the knowledge reducing the control of ecclesiastical elite and in its place introducing, what Descartes (102) describes as ââ¬Å"philosophical classics of Greece and Rome.â⬠As time goes by, the power of a single religious authority was gradually effaced giving power of vernacular tongues by the influence of protestant ethics which resulted to philosophers becoming less recognized in th eir ecclesiastical hierarchy but instead their recognition was shifted to their national origin (Descartes, 77-8). In studying the way people live, Machiavelli (312) agrees that the way people lived traditionally was a true way of living. Everyone was required to live virtuously and this was clearly observed. However, living virtuously didnââ¬â¢t mean that people could live happily. The adaptation to the modernized ways pushed the leader to try making people to both fear them as well as love them. But since these two factors couldnââ¬â¢t go hand in hand, they saw that significant security would be obtained in making people to fear them. This was associated with suspicious from other opposing parties concerning any acts of insecurities that can be thrown toward the leader in question. As a result, any action to suppress the other party or individual was seen as a gateway to remain feared and recognized (Rousseau, 37). According to Rousseau (87), civil society has introduced ine qualities in human kind which mostly concerning moral inequality, whose relation is in power and wealth. This has been attributed to manââ¬â¢s act of straying out of the natural state and stepping in his own cocoon of individual need and desire. As a result, those who first took the advantage of peopleââ¬â¢s naivety and grabbed shares of the available properties moved up the ladder where they perpetrate the weak so that they can maintain their wealth and power.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Political Thought specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was the beginning of evil, where unlike the early man who was strong, fast and in prime condition and who only killed for his self prevention, the civil man started using all means, including killing his fellow to maintain what he has obtained. (Rousseau, 62). In conclusion, modernization has accompanied its countable good aspect with uncountable vices which h as greatly eroded natural state of human beingââ¬â¢s moral in relation to other and environment and in place redefined these moral in a self centered perspective, attributed with a lot of evils. Descartes, Rene. The principal of philosophy. Kessinger Publishing, 2004. Print. Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Johnston: Norton, 1997. Print. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The prince and the discourses. Modern library, 1950. Print. Rousseau, Jean. Discourse on the origin of Inequality. Filiquarian Publishing, LLC., 2007. Print.
Tuesday, March 3, 2020
Tree Disks and the Cross-Sections of Tree Limbs, Trunks
Tree Disks and the Cross-Sections of Tree Limbs, Trunks For those of you who dont know what a tree cookie is, aà tree cookie is a sliced portion of a tree trunk or limb that can show each and every annual ring on a viewable plane. A tree cross-section disk or cookie can be one of the best botanical teaching aids to kids and adults on things happening in a tree and environmental effects on trees. It is especially effective visually in conifer specimens and more specifically pine. Finding the Perfect Tree Cookie Selecting a tree species that shows well is important when showing annual ring structure. Species that display visible dark annual rings are pines, spruces, cedar, and firs. Conifers used as Christmas trees are great for this if you use a real tree over the holiday. The wood is soft, easy to cut, and sand, and always displays nice rings. Deciduous or broad-leaved trees can show nice rings by cutting their thick faster-growing branches (that also contain annual rings). Best trees for branch collections are oaks, ashes, maples, elms, cherry, and walnut. Trunk slices from these trees are often too large for display where rings are usually too tight and light to easily count. The best tool for quickly felling a small tree is the standard curved large tooth pruning saw. A pruning saw will make quick work on a small trees base or when cutting larger branches. At this point, you need to make a decision on whether to cut the cookies without drying or dry larger poles for cutting cross-sections later. These poles should be cut into four-foot segments with no end less than 2 inches in diameter. The ideal slice size for quick production and use for a classroom is about the diameter of a soda can. Slice the logs into cookie segments between 1 to 2 inches thick. Use the same pruning saw or, for a fine surface, use a motor-driven saw such as a radial arm saw. Drying Logs in a Kiln or Under Sheltered Storage Kiln-drying short poles can be a more involved step to carry out but make for a much better tree slice specimen. A sawmill yard supervisor can dry your tree cookie logs in days using their lumber kiln. These logs will be sufficiently dry, feel much lighter and easier to cut with little to no chance of cracking. If you have time and a space you can set the logs in a dry, well-ventilated place for about a year. Drying Cookies From Green Trees Drying cookies cut from green trees is critical. If the sections are not dried properly, they will attract mold and fungus and lose bark. Store your cut cookies in a dry, well-ventilated surface under low humidity for three to ten days. Turn them over daily to allow both sides to dry. Placing them on a driveway on a sunny day also works. Cracking is a major problem if the cookie is not dried over sufficient time with adequate ventilation. Getting the perfect ââ¬Å"uncrackedâ⬠cookie is a challenge, and the best way to prevent cracking is to cut cookies from a dried, not green, log or branch. Remember that the smaller the cookie, the less likely cracking will occur. Try cutting cookies from dried limbs, as the grain is often tighter in the limbs than in the main stem. Curing Cookies Using PEG Good preserving with less cracking results when you soak fresh-cut green cookies in polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG draws the water out and replaces it with the PEG, which is a waxy material with excellent wood stabilizing properties. It also is not cheap and should be used primarily for your best specimens. The disks from fresh-cut wood should be wrapped in plastic or immersed in water to keep in green condition until they can be treated. The PEG soaking time to obtain sufficient penetration against splitting and checking depends on the solution, the size, and thickness of the disks, and the species of wood. One month is usually sufficient soaking time and there is a drying time also associated.
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